Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive and irreversible respiratory condition that affects millions of people worldwide, ranking as the 4th leading cause of death globally. It is characterised by the persistent obstruction of the airways, resulting in breathing difficulties that significantly impair patients’ quality of life.
Causes and Risk Factors
The main risk factor for developing COPD is smoking, which accounts for more than 80% of cases. Other contributing factors include prolonged exposure to environmental pollutants such as dust and industrial fumes, as well as pre-existing respiratory diseases such as asthma. In addition, genetic factors may predispose certain individuals to the disease.
Symptoms
COPD symptoms develop gradually and may include:
• Persistent cough with or without sputum production;
• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity;
• A feeling of breathlessness (dyspnoea);
• Wheezing (whistling sounds caused by airway narrowing);
• Excessive tiredness.
It is important to note that, in the early stages, symptoms may be mild and easily mistaken for other conditions, which can delay diagnosis.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of COPD is made through a detailed clinical assessment, including:
A complete medical history;
• Physical examination;
• Spirometry – a test that measures lung function and airway obstruction;
• Additional tests such as chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans may be requested to assess the extent of the disease and rule out other conditions.
Treatment
Although COPD has no cure, there are treatments available that can relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow disease progression. Therapeutic options include:
Smoking cessation – essential to prevent further progression of the disease;
• Bronchodilator medication – to ease airway obstruction;
• Inhaled corticosteroids – to reduce inflammation;
• Pulmonary rehabilitation – exercise and education programmes to improve physical capacity;
• Oxygen therapy – in cases of respiratory failure, breathlessness (dyspnoea), and significantly reduced blood oxygen levels (hypoxaemia).
Prevention
Preventing COPD involves:
Avoiding smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke;
• Reducing exposure to environmental pollutants;
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular physical activity;
• Undergoing regular lung function tests, especially for individuals at risk.
The HPA Health Group offers a specialised Pulmonology team, dedicated to diagnosing and supporting patients with COPD. We provide an integrated approach, including clinical evaluation, complementary tests, pulmonary rehabilitation programmes, and continuous follow-up, all aimed at ensuring the best possible quality of life for our patients.
For more information, please book your appointment.
16, November 2025
